Selasa, 28 Juli 2020

Melting Ice and Hunger Makes Polar Bears Endangered



Experts warn that we are getting closer to the extinction of polar bears due to rising temperatures. Melting ice makes it difficult for them to access food sources. Hunger in adult bears is a disaster for the survival of their generation because the mother has difficulty surviving or producing enough milk for her children.

A recent study published in Nature Climate Change predicts that without intervention, polar bear populations could completely disappear by 2100. Scientists are asking for and encouraging greater efforts to curb carbon emissions quickly so that these species do not disappear in history.

Polar bears' favorite foods are seals, whose meat serves as a source of fat that is needed to keep bears strong in the ice-filled landscape of the Arctic.

However, after all, to hunt seals, polar bears need a layer of ice that helps them hide before approaching seals.

In recent years, Arctic sea ice has melted at an unprecedented rate due to climate change. The real effect for polar bears is that they are forced to survive on land, even though there is not much food that can be consumed there.

The longer polar bears survive without food, the lower the fat reserves until finally it is not enough to support themselves, especially their offspring. It is known that currently the number of baby bears has dropped dramatically.

To get the results of this study, research leader Peter Molnar along with his colleagues, used a 'dynamic energy budget model' to determine the energy needs of polar bears and at what stage of hunger they and their offspring could die. This information is then combined with the Earth Systems Model which uses previous data to predict the amount of ice loss in the region.

The results show that the threshold will be crossed by 13 polar bear subpopulations, around 80% of their total population. Researchers predict this could lead to the extinction of the species by the end of the century.

However, when the model is run again in the medium emission scenario (RCP4.5), more subpopulations can survive, showing hope for species beyond 2100.

Even so, the results of the study still emphasize the need for urgent action on climate change to stop the melting of sea ice before pushing these creatures beyond the threshold and eventually becoming extinct.


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Amphibians Like This Worm Are Allegedly Having Venomous Saliva


Creatures such as toothed worms called caecilians have smooth and shiny skin similar to a worm. However, scientists found that these footless animals might have venomous saliva — the first example found in amphibians. Nearly 200 caecilian species sway in tropical forests around the world, from the 3.5-inch long Idiocranium russell in Cameroon to the nearly five-foot long giant known as Caecilia thompsoni in Colombia. Most animals live underground, which is why "caecilians are probably the most unknown group of vertebrates," said Carlos Jared, an evolutionary biologist at the Butantan Institute in São Paulo on the National Geographic page. Some species are very adaptable to underground life, they really lose their eyes. Scientists have known that cecilia has three rows of needle-nosed teeth which might help her catch and swallow earthworms. When looking at caecilians captured in Brazil, Jared discovered a set of tooth glands that had never been described before that produced saliva and possibly venomous enzymes. This means that poisons can evolve independently in both amphibians and reptiles, which will reconfigure what we know about how poisons evolve. Even so, he cautioned, further analysis is needed to ascertain whether Caecilian saliva is really venomous. This is an interesting mystery and raises the question, why don't frogs and salamanders have poisonous saliva? 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Capuchin Monkeys Poke Nose Together to Test Social Bonds



In Costa Rica, there is a group of white-faced capuchin monkeys that occasionally pull hair, put fingers to the nose, and open the jaws of one another.

"The other monkeys want their hair re-styled, so they should try to open their mouths," said Susan Perry, director of the Lomas Barbudal Monkey Project at the University of California Los Angeles on the National Geographic page.

White-faced capuchin monkeys, living in Central and South America, have a size ratio comparable to chimpanzees.


In a paper published by Perry and Marco Smolla in June, the theory explains why this monkey group developed a unique behavioral repertoire.

They say that it is the same as ritual behavior designed to test social ties.

And because the behavior has only been documented in one group, it is yet another proof that capuchin can have a different and developing culture.


Perry believes that the practice of bond testing is very useful when there is no clear connection between the monkeys.

In tests conducted by Perry, it was found that reaction and tolerance arise when the monkeys feel uncomfortable while doing this unique practice. That way, research in behavior can guide a Capuchin's monkey social behavior in the future.


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